2026-04-14-8 auth and commercial
This commit is contained in:
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import { ScheduleModule } from '@nestjs/schedule';
|
||||
import { TelemetryModule } from './telemetry/telemetry.module';
|
||||
import { MapsModule } from './maps/maps.module';
|
||||
import { GeocodingModule } from './geocoding/geocoding.module';
|
||||
import { AuthModule } from './auth/auth.module';
|
||||
import { ThrottlerModule } from '@nestjs/throttler';
|
||||
|
||||
@Module({
|
||||
imports: [
|
||||
@@ -20,9 +22,13 @@ import { GeocodingModule } from './geocoding/geocoding.module';
|
||||
url: config.get('DATABASE_URL'),
|
||||
autoLoadEntities: true,
|
||||
synchronize: true, // Only for prototype! Use migrations for production.
|
||||
// synchronize: true, // للمعاينة فقط؛ يفضل استخدام migrations للإنتاج
|
||||
}),
|
||||
}),
|
||||
ThrottlerModule.forRoot([{
|
||||
ttl: 60,
|
||||
limit: 10, // Default fallback limit
|
||||
}]),
|
||||
AuthModule,
|
||||
TelemetryModule,
|
||||
MapsModule,
|
||||
GeocodingModule,
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
import { Module, Global, OnModuleInit } from '@nestjs/common';
|
||||
import { TypeOrmModule } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
|
||||
import { AuthService } from './auth.service';
|
||||
import { Tenant } from './entities/tenant.entity';
|
||||
import { ApiKey } from './entities/api-key.entity';
|
||||
import { RedisModule } from '../common/redis.module';
|
||||
import { ConfigService } from '@nestjs/config';
|
||||
|
||||
@Global()
|
||||
@Module({
|
||||
imports: [
|
||||
TypeOrmModule.forFeature([Tenant, ApiKey]),
|
||||
RedisModule,
|
||||
],
|
||||
providers: [AuthService],
|
||||
exports: [AuthService],
|
||||
})
|
||||
export class AuthModule implements OnModuleInit {
|
||||
constructor(
|
||||
private readonly authService: AuthService,
|
||||
private readonly configService: ConfigService,
|
||||
) {}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Seed the default API key from environment to prevent breaking current integrations.
|
||||
* دمج مفتاح الأمان الافتراضي من الإعدادات لمنع توقف الرقابة الحالية
|
||||
*/
|
||||
async onModuleInit() {
|
||||
const defaultKey = this.configService.get<string>('MAP_API_KEY');
|
||||
if (defaultKey) {
|
||||
await this.authService.seedDefaultKey('Default System', 'admin@intaleq.xyz', defaultKey);
|
||||
console.log('✅ Default System API Key seeded successfully');
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
|
||||
import { Injectable, UnauthorizedException, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
|
||||
import { InjectRepository } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
|
||||
import { Repository } from 'typeorm';
|
||||
import { createHash } from 'crypto';
|
||||
import { ApiKey } from './entities/api-key.entity';
|
||||
import { Tenant } from './entities/tenant.entity';
|
||||
import { RedisService } from '../common/redis.service';
|
||||
|
||||
@Injectable()
|
||||
export class AuthService {
|
||||
private readonly logger = new Logger(AuthService.name);
|
||||
|
||||
constructor(
|
||||
@InjectRepository(ApiKey)
|
||||
private readonly apiKeyRepository: Repository<ApiKey>,
|
||||
@InjectRepository(Tenant)
|
||||
private readonly tenantRepository: Repository<Tenant>,
|
||||
private readonly redisService: RedisService,
|
||||
) {}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Validate an API key and check its restrictions (Origin/Referer).
|
||||
* التحقق من سلامة مفتاح الأمان والقيود المفروضة عليه
|
||||
*/
|
||||
async validateApiKey(key: string, origin?: string, referer?: string): Promise<{ tenant: Tenant; apiKey: ApiKey; rateLimit: number }> {
|
||||
// 1. Check Redis Cache first
|
||||
const cacheKey = `auth:apikey:${key}`;
|
||||
const cachedData = await this.redisService.get<{ tenant: Tenant; apiKey: ApiKey; rateLimit: number }>(cacheKey);
|
||||
|
||||
if (cachedData) {
|
||||
this.validateRestrictions(cachedData.apiKey, origin, referer);
|
||||
return cachedData;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 2. Database Lookup
|
||||
const apiKey = await this.apiKeyRepository.findOne({
|
||||
where: { key, isActive: true },
|
||||
relations: ['tenant'],
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
if (!apiKey || !apiKey.tenant || !apiKey.tenant.isActive) {
|
||||
throw new UnauthorizedException('Invalid or inactive API Key');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 3. Advanced Security Checks (Domain & Referer)
|
||||
this.validateRestrictions(apiKey, origin, referer);
|
||||
|
||||
const result = {
|
||||
tenant: apiKey.tenant,
|
||||
apiKey: apiKey,
|
||||
rateLimit: apiKey.rateLimit || 100, // Default 100 req/min
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
// 4. Update Cache (TTL 1 hour)
|
||||
await this.redisService.set(cacheKey, result, 3600);
|
||||
|
||||
// 5. Update lastUsedAt asynchronously
|
||||
this.apiKeyRepository.update(apiKey.id, { lastUsedAt: new Date() }).catch(err =>
|
||||
this.logger.error(`Failed to update lastUsedAt for API key ${apiKey.id}: ${err.message}`)
|
||||
);
|
||||
|
||||
return result;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Domain-level security validation
|
||||
*/
|
||||
private validateRestrictions(apiKey: ApiKey, origin?: string, referer?: string): void {
|
||||
// Check Allowed Origins
|
||||
if (apiKey.allowedOrigins && apiKey.allowedOrigins.length > 0) {
|
||||
if (!origin || !this.isDomainAllowed(origin, apiKey.allowedOrigins)) {
|
||||
this.logger.warn(`Origin mismatch for API key ${apiKey.id}. Received: ${origin}`);
|
||||
throw new UnauthorizedException('Request Origin not allowed for this API Key');
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Check Allowed Referrers
|
||||
if (apiKey.allowedReferrers && apiKey.allowedReferrers.length > 0) {
|
||||
if (!referer || !this.isDomainAllowed(referer, apiKey.allowedReferrers)) {
|
||||
this.logger.warn(`Referer mismatch for API key ${apiKey.id}. Received: ${referer}`);
|
||||
throw new UnauthorizedException('Request Referer not allowed for this API Key');
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
private isDomainAllowed(domain: string, allowedList: string[]): boolean {
|
||||
const cleanDomain = domain.replace(/^https?:\/\//, '').split('/')[0];
|
||||
return allowedList.some(allowed => {
|
||||
if (allowed === '*') return true;
|
||||
const regex = new RegExp('^' + allowed.replace(/\*/g, '.*') + '$');
|
||||
return regex.test(cleanDomain);
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Helper to hash secrets (used during creation)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
hashSecret(secret: string): string {
|
||||
return createHash('sha256').update(secret).digest('hex');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Internal seeding helper to create a default tenant/key
|
||||
*/
|
||||
async seedDefaultKey(name: string, email: string, keyString: string): Promise<void> {
|
||||
let tenant = await this.tenantRepository.findOne({ where: { email } });
|
||||
if (!tenant) {
|
||||
tenant = await this.tenantRepository.save({
|
||||
name,
|
||||
email,
|
||||
isActive: true
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const existingKey = await this.apiKeyRepository.findOne({ where: { key: keyString } });
|
||||
if (!existingKey) {
|
||||
await this.apiKeyRepository.save({
|
||||
key: keyString,
|
||||
secretHash: this.hashSecret(keyString), // Pre-emptive hashing
|
||||
name: 'Default Production Key',
|
||||
isActive: true,
|
||||
tenantId: tenant.id,
|
||||
rateLimit: 1000 // High limit for default key
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
import { Entity, Column, PrimaryGeneratedColumn, CreateDateColumn, UpdateDateColumn, ManyToOne, Index } from 'typeorm';
|
||||
import { Tenant } from './tenant.entity';
|
||||
|
||||
@Entity('api_keys')
|
||||
export class ApiKey {
|
||||
@PrimaryGeneratedColumn('uuid')
|
||||
id: string;
|
||||
|
||||
@Column({ unique: true })
|
||||
@Index()
|
||||
key: string; // The masked/public key (e.g., is_live_...)
|
||||
|
||||
@Column()
|
||||
secretHash: string; // Hashed version for validation
|
||||
|
||||
@Column()
|
||||
name: string; // e.g., "Mobile App", "Production"
|
||||
|
||||
@Column({ default: true })
|
||||
isActive: boolean;
|
||||
|
||||
@Column({ nullable: true })
|
||||
rateLimit: number; // Requests per minute, overrides tenant default
|
||||
|
||||
@Column('simple-array', { nullable: true })
|
||||
allowedOrigins: string[];
|
||||
|
||||
@Column('simple-array', { nullable: true })
|
||||
allowedReferrers: string[];
|
||||
|
||||
@ManyToOne(() => Tenant, (tenant) => tenant.apiKeys)
|
||||
tenant: Tenant;
|
||||
|
||||
@Column()
|
||||
tenantId: string;
|
||||
|
||||
@Column({ nullable: true })
|
||||
lastUsedAt: Date;
|
||||
|
||||
@CreateDateColumn()
|
||||
createdAt: Date;
|
||||
|
||||
@UpdateDateColumn()
|
||||
updatedAt: Date;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
import { Entity, Column, PrimaryGeneratedColumn, CreateDateColumn, UpdateDateColumn, OneToMany } from 'typeorm';
|
||||
import { ApiKey } from './api-key.entity';
|
||||
|
||||
export enum TenantPlan {
|
||||
FREE = 'FREE',
|
||||
PREMIUM = 'PREMIUM',
|
||||
ENTERPRISE = 'ENTERPRISE',
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Entity('tenants')
|
||||
export class Tenant {
|
||||
@PrimaryGeneratedColumn('uuid')
|
||||
id: string;
|
||||
|
||||
@Column()
|
||||
name: string;
|
||||
|
||||
@Column({ unique: true })
|
||||
email: string;
|
||||
|
||||
@Column({
|
||||
type: 'enum',
|
||||
enum: TenantPlan,
|
||||
default: TenantPlan.FREE,
|
||||
})
|
||||
plan: TenantPlan;
|
||||
|
||||
@Column({ default: true })
|
||||
isActive: boolean;
|
||||
|
||||
@CreateDateColumn()
|
||||
createdAt: Date;
|
||||
|
||||
@UpdateDateColumn()
|
||||
updatedAt: Date;
|
||||
|
||||
@OneToMany(() => ApiKey, (apiKey) => apiKey.tenant)
|
||||
apiKeys: ApiKey[];
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -4,23 +4,42 @@ import {
|
||||
Injectable,
|
||||
UnauthorizedException,
|
||||
} from '@nestjs/common';
|
||||
import { ConfigService } from '@nestjs/config';
|
||||
import { AuthService } from '../../auth/auth.service';
|
||||
|
||||
@Injectable()
|
||||
export class ApiKeyGuard implements CanActivate {
|
||||
constructor(private configService: ConfigService) {}
|
||||
constructor(private authService: AuthService) {}
|
||||
|
||||
canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): boolean {
|
||||
async canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): Promise<boolean> {
|
||||
const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
|
||||
const apiKeyHeader = request.headers['x-api-key'];
|
||||
const validApiKey = this.configService.get<string>('MAP_API_KEY') || 'intaleq_premium_saas_2026_secure_key_x';
|
||||
|
||||
// Enforce API key match
|
||||
if (apiKeyHeader !== validApiKey) {
|
||||
console.error(`[ApiKeyGuard] Unauthorized. Expected: ${validApiKey}, Received: ${apiKeyHeader}`);
|
||||
throw new UnauthorizedException('Invalid or missing API Key');
|
||||
|
||||
// Extract API key from custom header
|
||||
const apiKeyHeader = request.headers['x-api-key'] || request.query['api_key'];
|
||||
|
||||
if (!apiKeyHeader) {
|
||||
throw new UnauthorizedException('API Key (x-api-key) is missing');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return true;
|
||||
// Extract Origin and Referer for domain-level security
|
||||
const origin = request.headers['origin'];
|
||||
const referer = request.headers['referer'];
|
||||
|
||||
try {
|
||||
// Validate key via AuthService (includes Redis caching and domain checks)
|
||||
const { tenant, apiKey, rateLimit } = await this.authService.validateApiKey(
|
||||
apiKeyHeader,
|
||||
origin,
|
||||
referer,
|
||||
);
|
||||
|
||||
// Attach tenant info to request for downstream controllers and rate limiters
|
||||
request['tenant'] = tenant;
|
||||
request['apiKey'] = apiKey;
|
||||
request['rateLimit'] = rateLimit;
|
||||
|
||||
return true;
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
throw new UnauthorizedException(error.message || 'Invalid API Key');
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
import { Injectable, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
|
||||
import { ThrottlerGuard, ThrottlerRequest } from '@nestjs/throttler';
|
||||
|
||||
@Injectable()
|
||||
export class TenantThrottlerGuard extends ThrottlerGuard {
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Resolve per-tenant and per-key rate limits dynamically
|
||||
* تحديد حدود الاستخدام لكل مستخدم (Tenant) بشكل ديناميكي
|
||||
*/
|
||||
protected async getTracker(req: Record<string, any>): Promise<string> {
|
||||
// Collect tracker info from the request (attached by ApiKeyGuard)
|
||||
const apiKeyId = req['apiKey']?.id || req.ip;
|
||||
return `throttler:key:${apiKeyId}`;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* NestJS Throttler v6+: Override handleRequest to inject dynamic limits
|
||||
*/
|
||||
protected async handleRequest(
|
||||
requestProps: ThrottlerRequest,
|
||||
): Promise<boolean> {
|
||||
const { context, limit } = requestProps;
|
||||
const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
|
||||
|
||||
// Read dynamic limit from request metadata (set in ApiKeyGuard)
|
||||
const dynamicLimit = request['rateLimit'] || limit;
|
||||
|
||||
// Update the limit in the request properties before passing to super
|
||||
requestProps.limit = dynamicLimit;
|
||||
|
||||
// Proceed with standard throttler logic
|
||||
return super.handleRequest(requestProps);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
import { IsNumber, IsNotEmpty, Min, Max } from 'class-validator';
|
||||
import { Type } from 'class-transformer';
|
||||
import { ApiProperty } from '@nestjs/swagger';
|
||||
|
||||
export class ReverseGeocodeDto {
|
||||
@IsNotEmpty()
|
||||
@IsNumber()
|
||||
@Min(-90)
|
||||
@Max(90)
|
||||
@Type(() => Number)
|
||||
@ApiProperty({ description: 'Latitude' })
|
||||
lat: number;
|
||||
|
||||
@IsNotEmpty()
|
||||
@IsNumber()
|
||||
@Min(-180)
|
||||
@Max(180)
|
||||
@Type(() => Number)
|
||||
@ApiProperty({ description: 'Longitude' })
|
||||
lng: number;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
import { IsString, IsNumber, IsOptional, IsEnum, Min, Max } from 'class-validator';
|
||||
import { Type } from 'class-transformer';
|
||||
import { ApiPropertyOptional } from '@nestjs/swagger';
|
||||
|
||||
export class SearchQueryDto {
|
||||
@IsString()
|
||||
@ApiPropertyOptional({ description: 'Search query string' })
|
||||
q: string;
|
||||
|
||||
@IsOptional()
|
||||
@IsNumber()
|
||||
@Type(() => Number)
|
||||
@ApiPropertyOptional({ description: 'Latitude for proximity search' })
|
||||
lat?: number;
|
||||
|
||||
@IsOptional()
|
||||
@IsNumber()
|
||||
@Type(() => Number)
|
||||
@ApiPropertyOptional({ description: 'Longitude for proximity search' })
|
||||
lng?: number;
|
||||
|
||||
@IsOptional()
|
||||
@IsNumber()
|
||||
@Min(0)
|
||||
@Max(50000)
|
||||
@Type(() => Number)
|
||||
@ApiPropertyOptional({ description: 'Proximity radius in meters', default: 20000 })
|
||||
radius?: number = 20000;
|
||||
|
||||
@IsOptional()
|
||||
@IsEnum(['jordan', 'syria', 'egypt'])
|
||||
@ApiPropertyOptional({ description: 'Country filter', enum: ['jordan', 'syria', 'egypt'] })
|
||||
country?: string;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
|
||||
import { Controller, Get, Post, Delete, Body, Query, UseGuards, HttpException, HttpStatus } from '@nestjs/common';
|
||||
import { ApiTags, ApiOperation, ApiQuery } from '@nestjs/swagger';
|
||||
import { ApiTags, ApiOperation, ApiQuery, ApiHeader } from '@nestjs/swagger';
|
||||
import { GeocodingService } from './geocoding.service';
|
||||
import { AdminBoundariesService } from './admin-boundaries.service';
|
||||
import { JordanResearchService } from './jordan-research.service';
|
||||
import { AdministrativeLinkingService } from './administrative-linking.service';
|
||||
import { ApiKeyGuard } from '../common/guards/api-key.guard';
|
||||
import { TenantThrottlerGuard } from '../common/guards/rate-limiter.guard';
|
||||
import { SearchQueryDto } from './dto/search-query.dto';
|
||||
import { ReverseGeocodeDto } from './dto/reverse-geocode.dto';
|
||||
|
||||
@ApiTags('geocoding')
|
||||
@ApiHeader({ name: 'x-api-key', description: 'Multi-tenant API Key', required: true })
|
||||
@Controller('geocoding')
|
||||
@UseGuards(ApiKeyGuard)
|
||||
@UseGuards(ApiKeyGuard, TenantThrottlerGuard)
|
||||
export class GeocodingController {
|
||||
constructor(
|
||||
private readonly geocodingService: GeocodingService,
|
||||
@@ -19,46 +23,18 @@ export class GeocodingController {
|
||||
|
||||
@Get('search')
|
||||
@ApiOperation({ summary: 'Search for locations (Forward Geocoding)' })
|
||||
@ApiQuery({ name: 'q', required: true })
|
||||
@ApiQuery({ name: 'lat', required: false, type: Number })
|
||||
@ApiQuery({ name: 'lng', required: false, type: Number })
|
||||
@ApiQuery({ name: 'radius', required: false, type: Number })
|
||||
@ApiQuery({ name: 'country', required: false, enum: ['jordan', 'syria', 'egypt'] })
|
||||
async search(
|
||||
@Query('q') query: string,
|
||||
@Query('lat') lat?: string,
|
||||
@Query('lng') lng?: string,
|
||||
@Query('radius') radius?: string,
|
||||
@Query('country') country?: string,
|
||||
) {
|
||||
// NestJS @Query() always receives strings — must parse explicitly for numeric types
|
||||
const parsedLat = lat !== undefined ? parseFloat(lat) : Number.NaN;
|
||||
const parsedLng = lng !== undefined ? parseFloat(lng) : Number.NaN;
|
||||
const parsedRadius = radius !== undefined ? parseFloat(radius) : 20000;
|
||||
|
||||
// Guard against malformed float values (NaN breaks PostGIS)
|
||||
const safeLat = !isNaN(parsedLat) ? parsedLat : undefined;
|
||||
const safeLng = !isNaN(parsedLng) ? parsedLng : undefined;
|
||||
|
||||
return this.geocodingService.searchPlaces(query, safeLat, safeLng, parsedRadius, country);
|
||||
async search(@Query() queryDto: SearchQueryDto) {
|
||||
const { q, lat, lng, radius, country } = queryDto;
|
||||
|
||||
// ValidationPipe with { transform: true } handles numeric conversion and defaults
|
||||
return this.geocodingService.searchPlaces(q, lat, lng, radius, country);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Get('reverse')
|
||||
@ApiOperation({ summary: 'Reverse Geocoding (Lat/Lng to Address)' })
|
||||
@ApiQuery({ name: 'lat', required: true })
|
||||
@ApiQuery({ name: 'lng', required: true })
|
||||
async reverse(
|
||||
@Query('lat') lat: string,
|
||||
@Query('lng') lng: string,
|
||||
) {
|
||||
const parsedLat = parseFloat(lat);
|
||||
const parsedLng = parseFloat(lng);
|
||||
|
||||
if (isNaN(parsedLat) || isNaN(parsedLng)) {
|
||||
throw new HttpException('Invalid lat/lng values', HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return this.geocodingService.reverseGeocode(parsedLat, parsedLng);
|
||||
async reverse(@Query() reverseDto: ReverseGeocodeDto) {
|
||||
const { lat, lng } = reverseDto;
|
||||
return this.geocodingService.reverseGeocode(lat, lng);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Post('places')
|
||||
|
||||
+18
-5
@@ -1,24 +1,37 @@
|
||||
import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
|
||||
import { NestFactory, Reflector } from '@nestjs/core';
|
||||
import { ValidationPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
|
||||
import { DocumentBuilder, SwaggerModule } from '@nestjs/swagger';
|
||||
import helmet from 'helmet';
|
||||
import { AppModule } from './app.module';
|
||||
|
||||
async function bootstrap() {
|
||||
const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
|
||||
|
||||
// Enable CORS for frontend
|
||||
// تفعيل تبادل الموارد مع الواجهة الأمامية
|
||||
// 1. Modern Security Headers (Prevention of XSS, Clickjacking, etc.)
|
||||
app.use(helmet());
|
||||
|
||||
// 2. Enable CORS with specific defaults (can be refined via Tenant settings)
|
||||
app.enableCors();
|
||||
|
||||
// Set global API prefix
|
||||
// 3. Global API prefix
|
||||
app.setGlobalPrefix('api');
|
||||
|
||||
// 4. Global Validation Pipeline (Robust input validation)
|
||||
app.useGlobalPipes(new ValidationPipe({
|
||||
whitelist: true, // Strip non-decorated properties
|
||||
forbidNonWhitelisted: true, // Error on unknown properties
|
||||
transform: true, // Automatically transform payloads to DTO instances
|
||||
}));
|
||||
|
||||
// Swagger Documentation Setup
|
||||
const config = new DocumentBuilder()
|
||||
.setTitle('Jordan Map Platform API')
|
||||
.setDescription('Backend API for map services, routing, and driver telemetry for Jordan')
|
||||
.setVersion('1.0')
|
||||
.addApiKey({ type: 'apiKey', name: 'x-api-key', in: 'header' }, 'x-api-key')
|
||||
.addTag('maps')
|
||||
.addTag('telemetry') // Corrected line to add 'telemetry' tag
|
||||
.addTag('geocoding')
|
||||
.addTag('telemetry')
|
||||
.build();
|
||||
|
||||
const document = SwaggerModule.createDocument(app, config);
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user