$rule) { if (str_contains($rule, 'required') && (empty($data[$field]) && $data[$field] !== '0')) { $errors[$field] = "The {$field} field is required."; } if (str_contains($rule, 'email') && !empty($data[$field]) && !filter_var($data[$field], FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) { $errors[$field] = "The {$field} must be a valid email address."; } } return $errors; } }